TCO Model
The rapid advancement of alternative energy and energy-saving technologies in China highlights the need for an in-depth analysis of the total cost of ownership (TCO) for commercial vehicles like buses and trucks. Due to the challenges in quantifying time-sensitive perceived costs, this study builds a comprehensive database and webbased modeling tool to assess TCO for these vehicles from 2020 to The tool supports user-customized inputs and generates TCO estimates across multiple technology evolution scenarios, encompassing nearly 200 vehicle technologies by type (mini bus, midsize bus, light-duty truck, mid-duty truck, heavy-duty truck, etc.), use purpose, and powertrain (combustion, electric, fuel cell, etc.).